Is it appropriate to use et al in an email?

Et al. is the abbreviated way to write the term. However, when you say it out loud, you should say the full term et alia or et alii. Another option is to say the English translation and others just like you might say for example when reading e.g., out loud.

Can you use et al casually?

can be used to abbreviate almost anything. A period is always used after et al., since the term is used to abbreviate the Latin term “et alii.” There are several rules, however, both formal and informal, that are required for proper usage of et al.

What is the correct way to use et al?

How to Use Et Al.
  1. Don’t use et al. …
  2. For references with three to five authors, list all the authors in the first citation of the work, but abbreviate using the name of the first author and et al. …
  3. For references with more than six authors, cite using the first author’s name plus et al.

Why do people write et al?

One of these is the Latin phrase et al., an abbreviation meaning “and others.” It is used to shorten lists of author names in text citations to make repeated referencing shorter and simpler.

Do you use a comma after et al?

Remember that there is no comma between the surname and “et al.,” and the period goes only after the “al.” The English translation of “et al.” is “and others.” …

Should et al be italicized Harvard?

If you have a choice, consider using “et al.” in your reference list. This is preferable, since it helps keep your references succinct. To use “et al.” in your references, state the name of the first listed author and follow it by “et al.” in italics in the author section of the citation.

Can you use et al for 3 authors Harvard?

If the work has four or more authors/editors the abbreviation ‘et al. ‘ should be used after the first author’s name. It is also acceptable to use ‘et al. ‘ after the first author if the work has three authors.

How do you say et al out loud?

Should et al be in bold?

Note that “et al.” is usually italicized. (In hand-written or typed scripts, underlining may be consistently substituted for italics.) It is an abbreviation for “et alia”,[1] meaning “and others”; the full stop must not be omitted.

Is Harvard referencing indented?

Start each reference with a new line, no indentation. Titles should have minimal capitalisation, following this general rule: only capitalise the first letter of the first word and all proper nouns. Subtitles should be lower case except for all proper nouns.

Who invented Harvard system?

It is clear from contemporary testimony that Mark conceived the citation system that eventually came into common use. For example, Professor Charles Sedgwick Minot of the Harvard Medical School, in an 1896 paper on bibliography, ascribes the author- Ewetsky, Th. “75.

Do you Italicise book titles Harvard?

Italics and Underlining

The title of a source must be either underlined or italicized, but not both. The Harvard Style has no preference to either; however, consistency should be maintained throughout the document.

Can you say et al in an essay?

In academic writing, it is used when citing sources with multiple authors. However, the full phrase “et alia” isn’t typically spelled out in academic writing. In papers, journals, and manuscripts, the abbreviated form “et al.” is used, with a period after “al.”

How do you Harvard reference a novel?

Basic format to reference a book
  1. Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.
  2. Year.
  3. Title (in italics).
  4. Edition.
  5. Publisher.
  6. Place of Publication.

Should citations be in italics?

The following citation elements should be italicized: case names (including procedural phrases) … prior or subsequent history explanatory phrases. words or phrases attributing one cited authority to another source.

Should the Economist be italicized?

Note: When you are handwriting, indicate italics by underlining the title. Never do both italics and underlining. Periodicals, Magazines and Newspapers: The Washington Post ; The Economist ; Newsweek.

Should references be italicised?

Double space between and within the reference citations. Use italics for titles of books, newspapers, magazines, and journals. … References cited in text must appear in the reference list; conversely, each entry in the reference list must be cited in the text.

Is The Great Gatsby underlined or italicized?

In most cases, you should italicize the titles of complete works, like books: The Great Gatsby, Beloved, and The Catcher in the Rye. You would also italicize the names of feature-length films, like Rocky, Schindler’s List, and Frozen.