Can all cells respond to epinephrine?

In the fight-or-flight response, the adrenal glands release the hormone epinephrine, which serves as a signal within the body. Certain cells, including liver cells, can detect the signal, after which they process the signal and respond to it.

Why can ligand respond differently in different cells?

Cells will often use the same signal transduction pathway to detect ligands but connect those pathways to different cellular processes, such as metabolism, gene expression and cell morphology. This allows different types of cells to generate different responses to the same ligand.

Why do different cell types respond differently to the same hormone?

Cells can have many receptors for the same hormone but often also possess receptors for different types of hormones. The number of receptors that respond to a hormone determines the cell’s sensitivity to that hormone, and the resulting cellular response.

Why different types of cells may respond differently to the same chemical messenger?

It varies according to the set of receptor proteins the cell possesses, which determines the particular subset of signals it can respond to, and it varies according to the intracellular machinery by which the cell integrates and interprets the signals it receives (see Figure 15-1).

Why can signaling molecule cause different responses in different cells?

Why can a signaling molecule cause different responses in different cells? Different cells have membrane receptors that bind to different sides of the signaling molecule. The transduction process is unique to each cell type; to respond to a signal, different cells require only a similar membrane receptor.

How can two different ligands cause identical cellular responses?

Once a signaling molecule binds to its receptor it causes a conformational change in it that results in a cellular response. … On the other hand, different ligands binding to different receptors can produce the same cellular response (e.g. glucagon, epinephrine).

Why do some cells respond to a chemical messenger while other cells ignore it?

Why do some cells respond to a chemical messenger while other cells ignore it? Cells will only respond to chemical messengers for which they possess appropriate receptors. Compare and contrast receptor up-regulation and down-regulation.

When a ligand is released what prevents all of the cells in the body from being affected?

When a ligand is released, what prevents all of the cells in the body from being affected? Ligands are specific to their receptors, so the inactive relay proteins and secondary messengers that are released in the cell to initiate a response are specific to that ligand.

How do different cells respond to the same signal?

How Do Cells Recognize Signals? Cells have proteins called receptors that bind to signaling molecules and initiate a physiological response. Different receptors are specific for different molecules. … Receptors can also respond directly to light or pressure, which makes cells sensitive to events in the atmosphere.

What is the response of a receptor to the binding of a ligand at the cell membrane quizlet?

In response to receptor ligand binding, the G protein becomes activated and in turn interacts with and thereby activates additional intracellular proteins. They are often an enzyme that generates a small molecule product that diffuses through the cell called a second messenger.

What chemical messengers influences the activities of other cells during the immune response?

Hormones are chemical messengers that travel throughout the body coordinating complex processes like growth, metabolism, and fertility. They can influence the function of the immune system, and even alter behavior.

What is the role of the ligand in the signal transduction pathway?

A ligand binds to a receptor, leading indirectly to activation of adenylyl cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP. cAMP binds to protein kinase A and activates it, allowing PKA to phosphorylate downstream factors to produce a cellular response.

What happens to a receptor when a ligand binds?

The ligand crosses the plasma membrane and binds to the receptor in the cytoplasm. The receptor then moves to the nucleus, where it binds DNA to regulate transcription. … Many signaling pathways, involving both intracellular and cell surface receptors, cause changes in the transcription of genes.

What prevents ligands from entering the cell?

What property prevents the ligands of cell-surface receptors from entering the cell? The molecules bind to the extracellular domain. The molecules are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane.

What is the response of a receptor to the binding of a ligand to it at the cell’s extracellular surface quizlet?

What is the response of a receptor to the binding of a ligand to it at the cell’s extracellular surface? Option A: The receptor relays a signal across the membrane to the receptor’s cytoplasmic domain at the inner membrane surface.

What does the binding of a ligand to its receptor stimulate?

Binding of a ligand to a receptor causes a conformational change in the receptor that initiates a sequence of reactions leading to a specific response inside the cell.

Why is ligand binding important?

High-affinity binding of ligands to receptors is often physiologically important when some of the binding energy can be used to cause a conformational change in the receptor, resulting in altered behavior for example of an associated ion channel or enzyme.

How does the bonding of a ligand to its receptor transduce the message it causes the protein to?

A ligand is a small molecule that binds to a larger molecule. Signal molecule binding causes the receptor protein to undergo a conformational change (a change in shape). … Once the ligand is bound, these receptors specifically phosphorylate tyrosine amino acids, activating the signal transduction process inside the cell.

What are types of receptors that can bind ligands?

Cell-surface receptors come in three main types: ion channel receptors, GPCRs, and enzyme-linked receptors. Ion channel receptors: When a ligand binds an ion channel receptor, a channel through the plasma membrane opens that allows specific ions to pass through.

What effect does ligand binding have on receptor tyrosine kinase proteins?

What effect does ligand binding have on receptor tyrosine kinase proteins? Ligand binding causes them to phosphorylate and form dimers. Ras, a small G protein located at the plasma membrane, is often mutated in different types of cancer.

Is the ligand binding site an extracellular region is it in the membrane or is it intracellular?

A typical cell-surface receptor has three different domains, or protein regions: a extracellular (“outside of cell”) ligand-binding domain, a hydrophobic domain extending through the membrane, and an intracellular (“inside of cell”) domain, which often transmits a signal.

How does a ligand binding to a channel cause a cellular response?

When a ligand binds to the extracellular domain, a signal is transferred through the membrane, activating the enzyme. Activation of the enzyme sets off a chain of events within the cell that eventually leads to a response.

How do ligands work?

A ligand is a molecule that binds another specific molecule, in some cases, delivering a signal in the process. Ligands can thus be thought of as signaling molecules. Ligands interact with proteins in target cells, which are cells that are affected by chemical signals; these proteins are also called receptors.